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The Fort de Hollogne is one of twelve forts built as part of the fortifications of Liège in the late 19th century in Belgium. It was built between 1881 and 1884 according to the plans of General Henri Alexis Brialmont. Contrasting with the French forts built in the same era by Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières, the fort was built exclusively of unreinforced concrete, a new material, rather than masonry. The fort was heavily bombarded by German artillery in the Battle of Liège. Hollogne was never upgraded like the other forts of Liège and retains its character as a Brialmont fort. It is preserved as a museum and may be visited by the public. ==Description== The Fort de Hollogne is located about west of the center of Liège, directly adjacent to the Liège Airport's runway. The fort forms an isosceles triangle whose base is long and whose sides measure . A deep by ditch encircles the fort. The principal armament was concentrated in the central massif. The ditches were defended in enfilade by 57mm guns in casemates resembling counterscarp batteries, firing at shot traps at the other end of the ditch. It is one of the smaller forts of Liège. With the exception of the Fort de Loncin, the Belgian forts made little provision for the daily needs of their wartime garrisons, locating latrines, showers, kitchens and the morgue in the fort's counterscarp, a location that would be untenable in combat. This would have profound effects on the forts' ability to endure a long assault. The service areas were placed directly opposite the barracks, which opened into the ditch in the rear of the fort (i.e., in the face towards Liège), with lesser protection than the two "salient" sides.〔 The Brialmont forts placed a weaker side to the rear to allow for recapture by Belgian forces from the rear, and located the barracks and support facilities on this side, using the rear ditch for light and ventilation of living spaces. In combat heavy shellfire made the rear ditch untenable, and German forces were able to get between the forts and attack them from the rear. 〔Donnell, p. 36〕 The Brialmont forts were designed to be protected from shellfire equaling their heaviest guns: 21cm.〔Donnell, p. 52〕 The top of the central massif used of unreinforced concrete, while the caserne walls, judged to be less exposed, used .〔Donnell, p. 12〕 Under fire, the forts were damaged by 21cm fire and could not withstand heavier artillery.〔Donnell, pp. 45-48〕 ==Armament== Hollogne's armament included a Grüsonwerke turret with a single 21cm gun, a15cm Creusot-Vanekerchove turret with twin guns and a 12cm Châtillon-Commentry/Marcinelle et Couillet turret with two guns, all for distant targets. 57mm gun turrets were provided for local defense. The fort also mounted an observation turret with a searchlight. Seven rapid-fire 57mm Grüsonwerke guns were provided in casemates for the defense of the ditches and the postern, as well as in three turrets.〔 The fort's heavy guns were German, typically Krupp, while the turret mechanisms were from a variety of sources. The fort was provided with signal lights to permit communication with the neighboring Fort de Loncin and Fort de Liers. The guns were fired using black powder rather than smokeless powder, producing choking gas in the confined firing spaces that spread throughout the fort.〔Donnell, p. 17〕 The fort was manned by 230 artillerymen and 120 infantry, commanded by Captain-Commandant Cuisinier.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fort de Hollogne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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